The fighting broke out in Maysan province, with the violence centred in a village some 70 kilometres (45 miles) south of provincial capital Amarah.
Mohammed al-Saray, a forensics department official in Amarah, said eight people had died and a dozen others had been wounded, including women and children.
A security source, speaking on condition of anonymity, said one group had "taken over state-owned agricultural land" and relatives from the same tribe were "demanding an equal share".
In Iraq, where state institutions have been weakened by decades of war, tribes are powerful actors -- particularly in its oil-rich south, where they have their own moral and judicial codes as well as huge caches of arms.
In Maysan, a province bordering Iran, drug trafficking, tribal disputes and political score-settling have combined into a toxic mix.
Violence is a common and police and judicial officials have been regular targets of assassination attempts.
On Monday, police announced a "joint security operation" with the army in Maysan to find those behind the assassination of a tribal chief, Sheikh Mohamed al-Faysali, who was killed outside his home.
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